In a 12-inch skillet over medium heat, heat the oil until shimmering.
Add the onion, half of the apple slices and the garlic.
Cover and cook, stirring occasionally, until the onion and apple start to soften without browning, 5 to 7 minutes.
Add the thyme and caraway and cook, stirring, until fragrant, about 30 seconds.
Add the cabbage, ½ teaspoon pepper and ½ cup water.
Cover and cook over medium, stirring occasionally, until the cabbage is just tender, 10 to 12 minutes.
Stir in the sausages, the remaining apple slices and the vinegar.
Cover and cook without stirring until the sausages and apples are warmed through, another 3 to 5 minutes.
Off heat, stir in the parsley.
Taste and season with salt and pepper.